Analysis of Business Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of Business Planning - Research Paper Example Business plans have both weak and strong components that are unique to respective plans and businesses.     The plan focuses on a beauty and hair salon called Trend Setters Hair Studio. It begins by presenting an executive summary of the salon business. The mission and motto of the salon are equally mentioned (B Plan, 2012). After the introduction, the plan provides essential keys to the successes of the salon business. A summary of the company that includes a summary of how the company began operations is present in the summary. The business plan on Trend Setters Hair Studio later reveals the products and services within the business. These include hair (weaves, and relaxers), nails (manicured and sculptures) and skin care (waxing and massages). The plan also offers a summary of the strategy and implementation of diverse strategies of the company. This aspect of the plan mentions the approaches that management should take to address the problems that may arise from competitors. The management of the salon equally presents figures for their projected sales in the next three years (Becherer & Helms, 2009). The business plan presents milestones of the salon business that includes details of salon activities.      For example, necessary finances in the running of the salon business are mentioned. The projected cash flow in the salon business is equally presented in the plan. Finally, the plan has an appendix that explains most of the figures in the business plan (Bangs, 2002). Brian's Book Barn Business Plan This plan focuses on a book barn business that dates from May 1998. The plan begins by describing the business in a clear manner. It states that the business is a store that deals with books and magazines (Canada / British Columbia Business Services Society, ND). It is located in Ladbrokes and aims to promote the culture of reading to members of this community. The plan also suggests that the community where such an organization is situated lacks such a business. This means that the business is likely to flourish because of minimal competition. The plan reveals the ownership and management of the book business. The owners are a couple, Brian Paige and Novella Reid. According to the plan, B rian has relevant experience because he previously worked with bookselling organizations. His wife has a certificate in retail management with 30 years of experience (Canada / British Columbia Business Services Society, ND). The initiatives and objectives of the business are also evident in the plan.  Ã‚  

Criminal Offfences Drug Addiction And Crime Criminology Essay

Criminal Offfences Drug Addiction And Crime Criminology Essay Drugs such as marijuana and cocaine and amphetamines and heroin together with drug-addiction are correlated to crime in a number of ways. Being a criminal offence to use, to be in possession, to produce, or to dispense these drugs, they are categorized as prohibited. The upshots of usage of drugs, including aggression, including robbery to obtain funds to acquire drugs, including aggression against competitor traffickers, affect the society every day and are criminal effects. A number of treatment alternatives are on hand to tackle inmates requirements and conditions in the correctional system. Drug treatment programs in correctional centres most often than not are successful in averting patients going back to unlawful behaviour, but are unsuccessful most often than not if they are not connected to community-centred programs that continue treatment when the patient leaves prison. The most successful drug treatments programs in prison have diminished the re-arrest rate by 25% to 50% ( Belenko 33). The aim of correctional facilities such as prison is twofold; first, it punishes wrongdoers and secondly it rehabilitates criminals and individuals with deviant behaviour. The French philosopher Michel Foucault argued that punishment has changed over a period from instilling discipline in the body to instilling discipline in the soul. The rehabilitation of convicted criminals is an important facet of the contemporary criminal justice system. The criminal justice system nowadays is working to rehabilitate inmates and the prison rehabilitation programs vary in degrees, type, and form from prison to prison. In the past years, rehabilitation was focused straight at reforming the personality of offenders, its aim now is on averting reoffending. Prison program: Drug treatment In a similar fashion, drug Treatment programs in Prison are designed to rehabilitate drug addicts in prison. For instance, the Delaware Model, a continuing examination of wide-ranging treatment methods for prisoners who are addicted to drug abuse illustrates that prison-based treatment programs, work release therapeutic community, community-based aftercare and therapeutic community surroundings included; cuts the chances of re-arrest by 57 percent and cut the odds of relapsing into drugs by 37 percent. One quality essential for successful programs is progressing, wide-ranging aftercare in the society. This decreases the probability that an addict will be detained and found guilty another time (Thomas 16). History of Drug Treatment: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using drug relates to violent crime (statistic) Statistics show that drug addicts are more prone than nonusers to perpetrate crimes, which arrested criminals, are found often to be under the influence at the time they carried out the offence and that drugs breed violence. It is the weighing up the nature and degree of the effects of drugs on criminal activities that necessitate that dependable information about the crime, and the lawbreaker is accessible and meanings of terms be consistent. In the face of challenging data, it is not possible to establish quantitatively the influence of drug addiction on the happening of crime. Drugs are linked to most criminal activities through the outcomes they have on the addicts actions and by breeding violence and other prohibited goings-on associated with drug trafficking. Drug-related crimes and the drug-using way of life play a key part in the U.S. crime issue. More than 50% of arrested criminals in the US test positive for illicit drugs (Thomas 17). According to the same institute, use of and addiction on drug is strongly associated to robbery and assets crime more than it is to violent offences. A majority of addicts carries out crimes to obtain money to purchase drugs. According to the National Institute of Justice, at least 25% of men who carry out acts of domestic violence have drug problems and that drug-addicted women are more prone to suffering abuse (Thomas 18). The 2004 survey of Inmates in State and Federal penitentiaries found out that 32% of State convicts and 26% of Federal prisoners admitted to having committed the crimes they are serving time for under the influence of drugs. In State prisons, drug offenders and property offenders recorded the highest admission rates for being under the drugs influence when committing a crime at 44% and 39% respectively. In Federal penitentiaries, drug offenders (32%) and violent crimes convicts (24%) reported the highest occurrence of being under drugs influence when they committed their crimes. Efforts to prevent drug abuse using retribution systems do not succeed since these attempts do no tackle the multifaceted basis of drug abuse, which start in the milieu of family issues and deviant conduct. Many go to prison. Few reform in prison. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cause Overcrowding in Prison The vicious cycle of arrest, imprisonment, discharge, and re-arrest is very common. As indicated by various nationwide studies, more than half of the prison population test positive for illegal drugs (Taylor et al. 3-4). The U.S. state and federal prisons and jails hold approximately 1.9 million convicts (Beck and Harrison). This means that the major contribution of the high-prison population in the United States is drug abuse. Most of the inmates are finally released from the prisons to go back to the community. However, about six hundred thousand state and federal convicts are nor returning to prison each year. A majority of those returning are drug addicts; therefore, keeping the cycle rolling. Effectively cutting that cycle and related crime is largely dependent on successfully treating drug-abusing criminals. A number of treatment alternatives are on hand to tackle inmates requirements and conditions in the correctional system. One such alternative program is the Drug Courts program. Drug Courts are judicially administered court dockets that deal with cases of nonviolent drug abusing lawbreakers under the juvenile, family, adult, and tribal justice structures. Drug Courts function under a specific mould in which the courts, prosecutors, defence bar, the police, mental health services, community services, and the treatment services work jointly to assist nonviolent lawbreakers find restoration in healing and turn into productive human beings. The essay analyses how the Drugs Courts program can help reduce the number of ex prisoners who are being sent back to prison each year. It also analysis how the program helps reduce the population in the American prisons. The essay su mmarizes the general workings and usefulness of drug courts all over the country and underlines possible concerns and areas where additional study is required. DRUG COURTS In 1989, Florida officials set up the nations pioneer drug court. This unique court was calculated to entrench drug treatment fully into the prison system and the criminal justice system in general. The courts were established for criminals with a past of drug abuse as a measure for their addiction treatment, while concurrently guaranteeing control, and approval when necessary, from the courts. The movement for a different court to rule on drug offenders come about from the swiftly sprouting truth that the nations resolution to tackle drug abuse by employing law enforcement methods would keep on posing considerable problems for the criminal justice system. In 2004, 53% of prisoners incarcerated in state prison were identified as drug addicts or users, but merely 15% were getting professional help (Mumola and Karberg 7). Drug use and addiction linked criminal activities remain an expensive load to the American society, one that most prison drugs treatment programs have failed to halt. In 2001, the bureau of National Drug Control Policy approximated that in 1998 prohibited use of drug cost the exchequer $31.1 billion in criminal justice costs, $30.1 billion in lost output and $2.9 billion in costs connected to property damage and discrimination (Belenko 2). Ever since 1989, drug courts have increased all over the country. Presently, there are more than 1,500 Drug courts functioning in all states. This drug courts are a reflection of the aspiration to change the stress from trying to battle drug crimes by diminishing drugs supply to tackling the demand for drugs by treating drug craving. Drug courts employ the criminal justice system to tackle addiction by the use of an incorporated set of communal and legal services as an alternative to depending on sanctions through imprisonment or probation. In spite of broad signs of drug court efficiency, more than twenty years after the first Drug court a number of questions linger. Since drug courts are planned and ran at the state level, there are deep-seated disparities that make cross-jurisdictional evaluation hard. While the underlying structure may be similar from one program to the next (a diversion program for particular types of low-level defendants who have shown a connection between thei r drug abuse or addiction and criminal acts), protocols for arbitration, detailed selection standards, ways of control and revocation measures do vary radically. The localism that is the system of drug court design makes efforts to make out best practices very hard. Nonetheless, we can make out explicit elements from diverse drug courts that are significant elements for the success of the program. WORKING OF DRUG COURTS Several elements determine the running of drug courts, albeit with disparity based on setting of the defendant population, legal questions etc. Below are a few elements universal to every drug court. Legal Framework There are commonly two approaches for drug courts i.e. deferred/delayed prosecution and post-adjudication programs. In a delayed prosecution, defendants who that meet some particular eligibility prerequisites are sidetracked to the drug court system before pleading to a charge. Defendants are not obliged to plead guilty, and those who successfully see through the drug court program are not further prosecuted. However, if one does not complete the program, he or she is prosecuted. On the other hand, in the post-adjudication approach, defendants are obliged to plead guilty to their charges but the ruling of their cases is deferred or left pending as they take part in the drug court program. Successful conclusion of the program earns the former user or addict in a waived sentence and occasionally an obliteration of the crime and the charges. However, if one does not successfully meet the standards of the drug court, for example, a routine return of drug abuse or addiction, they will be taken back to the criminal court to face the ruling on the guilty plea. Eligibility Criteria Eligibility standards differ from court to court. However, usually defendants have to be charged with being in possession of drugs or a nonviolent crime and must have positively tested for drugs or have proved drug abuse trouble during arrest (Fluellen and Trone 5). For drug courts that get federal financial support, there is a prerequisite to rule out persons with a present or previous violent crime record. However, this barring, whether by the state or federal rules, has been questioned as to whether it truly serves the interest of public safety as it is claimed to serve. Particularly, the classification of a violent crime at times may refer to merely being in possession of a weapon when one was arrested, even if it was not held, wielded, or put into use. In addition, individuals who are at present facing charges for a drug crime may be disqualified from admission into the drug court program owing to a past crime that is completely unrelated. Programming and Sanctions Programs characteristically run for a period between half and one year. However, some addicts stay longer in the program. Addicts and users must see through the whole program phase to graduate. Successful completion is dependent upon staying free of drugs and arrests for a specific period. Participants have to go to regular status hearings in front of a judge alongside judicial and medical staff who screen the development of every person. Sanctions including more court proceedings, drug tests and short stints in jails are enforced for participants who do not comply at the courts discretion. ADVANTAGES OF DRUG COURTS As noted earlier in this essay, the majority of adults and juveniles who are under arrest for criminal activities test positive for illicit drugs. As such, much of crime is drug or alcohol linked. However, imprisoned drug offenders do not obtain the handling they require, and will probably use drugs yet again and execute another crime once they are out of prison. That is where drug courts need arise. Drug courts present a valuable option that blends justice and drug management. Drug addicts who are taking part in a drug court program undergo rigorous drug abuse management, individual case management, substance testing, administration, and supervision. The participants report to recurrently programmed status hearings in front of a judge who is skilled in the drug court programs. Drug courts offer psychological well being treatment, disturbance and family psychoanalysis, and work skills instruction, which assist in ensuring a long-lasting healing from drug and alcohol dependence. Drug courts programs surpass all other approaches that have been employed with drug-using offenders. Drug abuse and criminal activities are significantly diminished in cases where offenders are put through a drug court program. Since the drug court programs assess offenders for substance abuse frequently, data concerning substance abuse by offenders in a drug court program is accessible on a continual basis. The use of drugs by offenders is reduced considerably or eliminated altogether by drug programs nationally, and this in turns has lowered recidivism amongst graduates. Adult drug court programs considerably decrease crime rates by cutting down re-arrest and conviction rates amongst graduates of drug courts a long time after the programs conclusion. Individuals who have graduated from drug courts are, according to recent appraisals, less expected to be re-arrested than individuals routed through other prison mechanisms. Results from drug court assessments show that involvement in drug courts upshots, in fewer re-arrests and re-convictions, or more extended periods between arrests or relapses. A breakdown of study findings from 76 drug courts established that there is a 10% decline in re-arrest, with pre-adjudication courts occasioning a 13% drop in re-arrest (Aos, Miller and Drake 4) Drug courts are very cost efficient. Several fresh studies have demonstrated that saved costs vary from $3,000 to $12,000 per offender (Belenko, 2005, 45). According to Fluellen and Trone (1), depending on the magnitude of a drug court program, the cost saved in some states goes beyond $7 million annually. Many courts are using the drug court mould to repeal driving under the influence and driving while intoxicated cases. This is being done either by employing selected driving while intoxicated courts or by accommodating offenders into conventional grown-up drug courts. Driving under the influence courts are holding offenders responsible for their actions at the same time as treating the fundamental drug abuse issues and stimulating behavioural transformation. Drug courts have also been very useful to juvenile offenders. Lastly, the drugs courts, in addition to saving cost, frees up the justice system and enables their departments resourcefully apportion criminal justice funds. Personnel and services, hitherto used up by the minor and less severe but prolonged drug cases which are now taken care by the drug court programs, are presently concentrated to other serious cases and to criminals who pose bigger threats to the society security and well being. The caseloads taken up by the drug court programs allow more docket time for the justice systems judges and are therefore, on hand for other criminal and civil matters in various jurisdictions. Previously, these serious criminal and civil cases were relegated to inferior precedence owing to drug related caseload. The programs have also freed jail space, and it is now being used to accommodate serious and dangerous criminals or to guarantee they serve their times. After more than two decades of drug courts operation, various studies show that many drug courts reduce recidivism and save the taxpayers funds. Figures from many studies carried out in more than ninety-five courts expose that former offenders who have graduated from drug courts program are re-arrested less than other prison program groups (Belenko, 44). The decline in re-arrest rates is the main contributor to cost-savings reported for most drug courts (Belenko, 44). CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS Studies up to date have been consistently reporting that that drug courts are accomplishing significant benefits. However, there practices, though mostly unfamiliar, which cause accomplishment or breakdown of a drug court. Of huge interest is the argument that drug courts might be escalating the quantity of individuals under arrest for drug crimes, rather than decrease, in the long term, the quantity of individuals who go through the criminal justice system. Studies have not yet zeroed in on the establishment of whether individuals who are taken through drug courts would have ended up in the criminal justice system and consequently into the conventional prison programs if not for the drug court. The use of drug courts should be used in a large scale to solve the twin problem of drugs and crime and that of overpopulation in our prison system.

Criminal Offfences Drug Addiction And Crime Criminology Essay

Criminal Offfences Drug Addiction And Crime Criminology Essay Drugs such as marijuana and cocaine and amphetamines and heroin together with drug-addiction are correlated to crime in a number of ways. Being a criminal offence to use, to be in possession, to produce, or to dispense these drugs, they are categorized as prohibited. The upshots of usage of drugs, including aggression, including robbery to obtain funds to acquire drugs, including aggression against competitor traffickers, affect the society every day and are criminal effects. A number of treatment alternatives are on hand to tackle inmates requirements and conditions in the correctional system. Drug treatment programs in correctional centres most often than not are successful in averting patients going back to unlawful behaviour, but are unsuccessful most often than not if they are not connected to community-centred programs that continue treatment when the patient leaves prison. The most successful drug treatments programs in prison have diminished the re-arrest rate by 25% to 50% ( Belenko 33). The aim of correctional facilities such as prison is twofold; first, it punishes wrongdoers and secondly it rehabilitates criminals and individuals with deviant behaviour. The French philosopher Michel Foucault argued that punishment has changed over a period from instilling discipline in the body to instilling discipline in the soul. The rehabilitation of convicted criminals is an important facet of the contemporary criminal justice system. The criminal justice system nowadays is working to rehabilitate inmates and the prison rehabilitation programs vary in degrees, type, and form from prison to prison. In the past years, rehabilitation was focused straight at reforming the personality of offenders, its aim now is on averting reoffending. Prison program: Drug treatment In a similar fashion, drug Treatment programs in Prison are designed to rehabilitate drug addicts in prison. For instance, the Delaware Model, a continuing examination of wide-ranging treatment methods for prisoners who are addicted to drug abuse illustrates that prison-based treatment programs, work release therapeutic community, community-based aftercare and therapeutic community surroundings included; cuts the chances of re-arrest by 57 percent and cut the odds of relapsing into drugs by 37 percent. One quality essential for successful programs is progressing, wide-ranging aftercare in the society. This decreases the probability that an addict will be detained and found guilty another time (Thomas 16). History of Drug Treatment: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using drug relates to violent crime (statistic) Statistics show that drug addicts are more prone than nonusers to perpetrate crimes, which arrested criminals, are found often to be under the influence at the time they carried out the offence and that drugs breed violence. It is the weighing up the nature and degree of the effects of drugs on criminal activities that necessitate that dependable information about the crime, and the lawbreaker is accessible and meanings of terms be consistent. In the face of challenging data, it is not possible to establish quantitatively the influence of drug addiction on the happening of crime. Drugs are linked to most criminal activities through the outcomes they have on the addicts actions and by breeding violence and other prohibited goings-on associated with drug trafficking. Drug-related crimes and the drug-using way of life play a key part in the U.S. crime issue. More than 50% of arrested criminals in the US test positive for illicit drugs (Thomas 17). According to the same institute, use of and addiction on drug is strongly associated to robbery and assets crime more than it is to violent offences. A majority of addicts carries out crimes to obtain money to purchase drugs. According to the National Institute of Justice, at least 25% of men who carry out acts of domestic violence have drug problems and that drug-addicted women are more prone to suffering abuse (Thomas 18). The 2004 survey of Inmates in State and Federal penitentiaries found out that 32% of State convicts and 26% of Federal prisoners admitted to having committed the crimes they are serving time for under the influence of drugs. In State prisons, drug offenders and property offenders recorded the highest admission rates for being under the drugs influence when committing a crime at 44% and 39% respectively. In Federal penitentiaries, drug offenders (32%) and violent crimes convicts (24%) reported the highest occurrence of being under drugs influence when they committed their crimes. Efforts to prevent drug abuse using retribution systems do not succeed since these attempts do no tackle the multifaceted basis of drug abuse, which start in the milieu of family issues and deviant conduct. Many go to prison. Few reform in prison. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cause Overcrowding in Prison The vicious cycle of arrest, imprisonment, discharge, and re-arrest is very common. As indicated by various nationwide studies, more than half of the prison population test positive for illegal drugs (Taylor et al. 3-4). The U.S. state and federal prisons and jails hold approximately 1.9 million convicts (Beck and Harrison). This means that the major contribution of the high-prison population in the United States is drug abuse. Most of the inmates are finally released from the prisons to go back to the community. However, about six hundred thousand state and federal convicts are nor returning to prison each year. A majority of those returning are drug addicts; therefore, keeping the cycle rolling. Effectively cutting that cycle and related crime is largely dependent on successfully treating drug-abusing criminals. A number of treatment alternatives are on hand to tackle inmates requirements and conditions in the correctional system. One such alternative program is the Drug Courts program. Drug Courts are judicially administered court dockets that deal with cases of nonviolent drug abusing lawbreakers under the juvenile, family, adult, and tribal justice structures. Drug Courts function under a specific mould in which the courts, prosecutors, defence bar, the police, mental health services, community services, and the treatment services work jointly to assist nonviolent lawbreakers find restoration in healing and turn into productive human beings. The essay analyses how the Drugs Courts program can help reduce the number of ex prisoners who are being sent back to prison each year. It also analysis how the program helps reduce the population in the American prisons. The essay su mmarizes the general workings and usefulness of drug courts all over the country and underlines possible concerns and areas where additional study is required. DRUG COURTS In 1989, Florida officials set up the nations pioneer drug court. This unique court was calculated to entrench drug treatment fully into the prison system and the criminal justice system in general. The courts were established for criminals with a past of drug abuse as a measure for their addiction treatment, while concurrently guaranteeing control, and approval when necessary, from the courts. The movement for a different court to rule on drug offenders come about from the swiftly sprouting truth that the nations resolution to tackle drug abuse by employing law enforcement methods would keep on posing considerable problems for the criminal justice system. In 2004, 53% of prisoners incarcerated in state prison were identified as drug addicts or users, but merely 15% were getting professional help (Mumola and Karberg 7). Drug use and addiction linked criminal activities remain an expensive load to the American society, one that most prison drugs treatment programs have failed to halt. In 2001, the bureau of National Drug Control Policy approximated that in 1998 prohibited use of drug cost the exchequer $31.1 billion in criminal justice costs, $30.1 billion in lost output and $2.9 billion in costs connected to property damage and discrimination (Belenko 2). Ever since 1989, drug courts have increased all over the country. Presently, there are more than 1,500 Drug courts functioning in all states. This drug courts are a reflection of the aspiration to change the stress from trying to battle drug crimes by diminishing drugs supply to tackling the demand for drugs by treating drug craving. Drug courts employ the criminal justice system to tackle addiction by the use of an incorporated set of communal and legal services as an alternative to depending on sanctions through imprisonment or probation. In spite of broad signs of drug court efficiency, more than twenty years after the first Drug court a number of questions linger. Since drug courts are planned and ran at the state level, there are deep-seated disparities that make cross-jurisdictional evaluation hard. While the underlying structure may be similar from one program to the next (a diversion program for particular types of low-level defendants who have shown a connection between thei r drug abuse or addiction and criminal acts), protocols for arbitration, detailed selection standards, ways of control and revocation measures do vary radically. The localism that is the system of drug court design makes efforts to make out best practices very hard. Nonetheless, we can make out explicit elements from diverse drug courts that are significant elements for the success of the program. WORKING OF DRUG COURTS Several elements determine the running of drug courts, albeit with disparity based on setting of the defendant population, legal questions etc. Below are a few elements universal to every drug court. Legal Framework There are commonly two approaches for drug courts i.e. deferred/delayed prosecution and post-adjudication programs. In a delayed prosecution, defendants who that meet some particular eligibility prerequisites are sidetracked to the drug court system before pleading to a charge. Defendants are not obliged to plead guilty, and those who successfully see through the drug court program are not further prosecuted. However, if one does not complete the program, he or she is prosecuted. On the other hand, in the post-adjudication approach, defendants are obliged to plead guilty to their charges but the ruling of their cases is deferred or left pending as they take part in the drug court program. Successful conclusion of the program earns the former user or addict in a waived sentence and occasionally an obliteration of the crime and the charges. However, if one does not successfully meet the standards of the drug court, for example, a routine return of drug abuse or addiction, they will be taken back to the criminal court to face the ruling on the guilty plea. Eligibility Criteria Eligibility standards differ from court to court. However, usually defendants have to be charged with being in possession of drugs or a nonviolent crime and must have positively tested for drugs or have proved drug abuse trouble during arrest (Fluellen and Trone 5). For drug courts that get federal financial support, there is a prerequisite to rule out persons with a present or previous violent crime record. However, this barring, whether by the state or federal rules, has been questioned as to whether it truly serves the interest of public safety as it is claimed to serve. Particularly, the classification of a violent crime at times may refer to merely being in possession of a weapon when one was arrested, even if it was not held, wielded, or put into use. In addition, individuals who are at present facing charges for a drug crime may be disqualified from admission into the drug court program owing to a past crime that is completely unrelated. Programming and Sanctions Programs characteristically run for a period between half and one year. However, some addicts stay longer in the program. Addicts and users must see through the whole program phase to graduate. Successful completion is dependent upon staying free of drugs and arrests for a specific period. Participants have to go to regular status hearings in front of a judge alongside judicial and medical staff who screen the development of every person. Sanctions including more court proceedings, drug tests and short stints in jails are enforced for participants who do not comply at the courts discretion. ADVANTAGES OF DRUG COURTS As noted earlier in this essay, the majority of adults and juveniles who are under arrest for criminal activities test positive for illicit drugs. As such, much of crime is drug or alcohol linked. However, imprisoned drug offenders do not obtain the handling they require, and will probably use drugs yet again and execute another crime once they are out of prison. That is where drug courts need arise. Drug courts present a valuable option that blends justice and drug management. Drug addicts who are taking part in a drug court program undergo rigorous drug abuse management, individual case management, substance testing, administration, and supervision. The participants report to recurrently programmed status hearings in front of a judge who is skilled in the drug court programs. Drug courts offer psychological well being treatment, disturbance and family psychoanalysis, and work skills instruction, which assist in ensuring a long-lasting healing from drug and alcohol dependence. Drug courts programs surpass all other approaches that have been employed with drug-using offenders. Drug abuse and criminal activities are significantly diminished in cases where offenders are put through a drug court program. Since the drug court programs assess offenders for substance abuse frequently, data concerning substance abuse by offenders in a drug court program is accessible on a continual basis. The use of drugs by offenders is reduced considerably or eliminated altogether by drug programs nationally, and this in turns has lowered recidivism amongst graduates. Adult drug court programs considerably decrease crime rates by cutting down re-arrest and conviction rates amongst graduates of drug courts a long time after the programs conclusion. Individuals who have graduated from drug courts are, according to recent appraisals, less expected to be re-arrested than individuals routed through other prison mechanisms. Results from drug court assessments show that involvement in drug courts upshots, in fewer re-arrests and re-convictions, or more extended periods between arrests or relapses. A breakdown of study findings from 76 drug courts established that there is a 10% decline in re-arrest, with pre-adjudication courts occasioning a 13% drop in re-arrest (Aos, Miller and Drake 4) Drug courts are very cost efficient. Several fresh studies have demonstrated that saved costs vary from $3,000 to $12,000 per offender (Belenko, 2005, 45). According to Fluellen and Trone (1), depending on the magnitude of a drug court program, the cost saved in some states goes beyond $7 million annually. Many courts are using the drug court mould to repeal driving under the influence and driving while intoxicated cases. This is being done either by employing selected driving while intoxicated courts or by accommodating offenders into conventional grown-up drug courts. Driving under the influence courts are holding offenders responsible for their actions at the same time as treating the fundamental drug abuse issues and stimulating behavioural transformation. Drug courts have also been very useful to juvenile offenders. Lastly, the drugs courts, in addition to saving cost, frees up the justice system and enables their departments resourcefully apportion criminal justice funds. Personnel and services, hitherto used up by the minor and less severe but prolonged drug cases which are now taken care by the drug court programs, are presently concentrated to other serious cases and to criminals who pose bigger threats to the society security and well being. The caseloads taken up by the drug court programs allow more docket time for the justice systems judges and are therefore, on hand for other criminal and civil matters in various jurisdictions. Previously, these serious criminal and civil cases were relegated to inferior precedence owing to drug related caseload. The programs have also freed jail space, and it is now being used to accommodate serious and dangerous criminals or to guarantee they serve their times. After more than two decades of drug courts operation, various studies show that many drug courts reduce recidivism and save the taxpayers funds. Figures from many studies carried out in more than ninety-five courts expose that former offenders who have graduated from drug courts program are re-arrested less than other prison program groups (Belenko, 44). The decline in re-arrest rates is the main contributor to cost-savings reported for most drug courts (Belenko, 44). CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS Studies up to date have been consistently reporting that that drug courts are accomplishing significant benefits. However, there practices, though mostly unfamiliar, which cause accomplishment or breakdown of a drug court. Of huge interest is the argument that drug courts might be escalating the quantity of individuals under arrest for drug crimes, rather than decrease, in the long term, the quantity of individuals who go through the criminal justice system. Studies have not yet zeroed in on the establishment of whether individuals who are taken through drug courts would have ended up in the criminal justice system and consequently into the conventional prison programs if not for the drug court. The use of drug courts should be used in a large scale to solve the twin problem of drugs and crime and that of overpopulation in our prison system.

Foods Connection Individual and Cultural Identity Essay -- Sociology

Sleep, sex, and food are the three most important aspect of a human life. Each of them represents resting, reproducing, and surviving – essential elements that form the foundation of human culture and society. The status of these elements always represents the social stature and cultural ideology, of the desire or dislike of people. Some standards are universal, while some are uniquely formed through generations of different cultural traditions. Food in this case might be the most simple and yet the hardest ideology of desire for anthropologists to catch. Its meaning is never as plain as a recipe of a cooking book, but always attached with the cultural and psychological ideology that is connected with individual and cultural identities. This paper will look at how food is connecting with individuals and cultures, as an anthropological medium. First, the connection between individual and food are the preference of individual and the potential meaning of food consume, which involve with biological, psychological, and cultural motivation and understanding. In the practice of food preference, though there are biological reasons for food choices, individual preference and avoidance are mainly based on psychological and social reasons. According to Paul Rozin (1987), he agreed that â€Å"genetically determined predispositions† which lead to certain food choice are true, and â€Å"the best-documented biological constraints are: an innate preference for sweet tastes and an avoidance of bitter taste or irritation of the oropharyngeal surface† (P.182.). He raised more examples of subconsciously preference of infants toward sweets and rats toward sodium salt (under the condition of sodium deficiency) to support this point of view (1987, P.182). .. ... life, food is way beyond a plain representation of basic instincts, its meaning and interaction between individual and society will always be a primary object of study in Anthropology. Works Cited Brumberg, Joan Jacobs 1997. The Appetite as Voice. In Food and Culture: A reader. Counihan, Carole and Penny Van Esterik, eds. Pp 159-179. London: Routledge. Douglas, Mary 1975 Deciphering a Meal. In Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology. Pp: 249-275. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Harris, Marvin 1985. The Abominable Pig. In Good to Eat: riddles of food and culture. Pp. 67-81. New York: Simon and Schuster. Rozin, Paul 1987. Psychobiological perspectives on food preferences and avoidances. In Food and Evolution: Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits. Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross, eds. Pp.181-205, 605-606. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Decision tree analysis Essay

Decision tree analysis known as an analytical tool applied to decision-making under condition of uncertainty, also clarifying where there are many possible outcomes for various alternatives and some outcomes are dependent on previous outcomes. However, decision tree will present as a diagram by showing the relationship among possible courses of action, possible events and the potential outcomes for each course of action in the decision (Drury, 2012). So decision tree analysis is useful for merchant navy company to understand in what direction their chance events are and what their values in terms of profits and losses are for each of the two tooling alternatives, also visualize the outcomes of different prospects in order make better decision under uncertainty Strengths of decision tree analysis Decision tree analysis will show all the alternatives, probabilities, costs and the possible outcomes that are not even consider by the company. The company can add the possible scenario into decision tree diagram, through the diagram can calculate the expected values and a probability distribution in more complex situations and the attributes can be chosen in any desired order (Kirkwood, 2002). Weaknesses of decision tree analysis However decision tree analysis brings sequential decisions and class-overlap problem that including categorical variable with different number of levels, and the information gain in decision tree analysis are biased in favour of those attribute with more levels. Also correlated data and complex production rules will occur in decision tree analysis, it can get very complex particularly if many values are uncertain and/or if many outcomes are linked (Kirkwood, 2002). Merchant navy industry background Merchant navy industry plays an important role in both domestic trade and international trade by transporting goods or passengers via sea to all around the world. There are different types of shipping service and kinds of cargo in order to serve different needs including feeder vessel, tankers, container ships, bulk carries and specialist ships (World Shipping Council, 2014). According to China Daily Information Co. (2012), there is high demand  in merchant navy industry due to freight transport capacity and loading volumes steadily rising in the moment. Therefore, it is important for merchant navy company to invest in new shipping service to cope with the demand. Company Background – China Shipping (Group) Company China Shipping (Group) Company is one of the largest shipping companies in China with approximately 47,000 employees worldwide. It was incorporated as international shipping line since 1997 and operates under the direct administration of Council of the People’s Republic of China. Mr. Li Shaode is the chairman of the company and it has over 100 branches across different regions and countries, also is headquartered in Shanghai, China. The another five holding companies owned by China Shipping (Group) Company are located in Hong Kong, north America, Europe, Southeast Asia and West Asia. The core business activities of China Shipping (Group) include shipping of oil tankers, special cargo ship passenger ships and container vessels as well as other related businesses like terminal management, finance and investment, engineering, integrated logistics, shipping agency, air cargo forwarding, container manufacturing, human resources, trading and information technology (China Shipping, 2 012). Case study China Shipping (Group) Company currently wants to decide whether to market new shipping service now. The marketing management estimated that if performs a market study (at a cost of  ¥30,000), there is a 60% chance that the study will return in favorable results (referred to as a local success) and a 40% chance that the study will return in unfavorable results (referred to as a local failure). If a local success is observed, there is an 80% chance that new shipping service will be national success. If a local failure is observed, there is only a 30% chance that new shipping service will be national success. The marketing management thinks that market shipping new service nationally successful that the expected profits (excluding the cost of the market study) will be  ¥1,600,000 however if the market shipping new service nationally failure then it expected loss of  ¥700,000(excluding the cost of the market study). However absence of market study, there are equal chances of natio nal success and national failure after if China Shipping (Group) Company decide to market nationally.  Therefore now the marketing management has to determine the best strategy that China Shipping (Group) Company should adopt. Excel According to the decision tree above, the optimal decision for China Shipping (Group) Company is to carry out test market and then market nationally if national success then the company will have return in expected profit of  ¥654,000 compared to do not conduct test market only have expected profit of  ¥450,000. Sensitivity analysis Assuming the probability of national success after the market study will decrease by 15% and the probability of national success without market study will increase by 10%. If a local success is observed, the new probability will decrease from 80% to 65% that new shipping service will be national success. If a local failure is observed, the new probability will decrease from 30% to 15% that new shipping service will be will be national success. However absence of market study and immediately market nationally, the new probability will increase from 50% to 60% to be national success. According to the sensitivity analysis above, after market study and market nationally the expected monetary value (EMV) of local success will decrease from profit  ¥1,110,000 to  ¥765,000 compared to the base case however the expected monetary value (EMV) of and market nationally after local failure will remain the same as loss of  ¥30,000 compared to the base case. The final expected monetary value (EMV) of conduct test market decision will have an expected profit of  ¥447,000 compared to the base case have  ¥654,000. However absence of market study and whether market nationally, the final expected monetary value (EMV) of local success will increase from profit  ¥450,000 to  ¥680,000 compared to the base case. Comparing the decision of conduct or do not conduct test market from the new probabilities, China Shipping (Group) Company’s optimal decision is do not conduct test market and then market nationally then the expected profit will be  ¥680,000. However according to the base case, China Shipping (Group) Company will only get the expected profit of  ¥654,000 after conduct test market and market nationally. Therefore, with the changes will allow the marketing management sees the impact of sensitivity analysis and compare to the base case. It allows the company to understand the overall decision whether market new shipping  service nationally with or without market study. Through sensitivity analysis, the company know that the value of the probabilities are sensitive and it will affect the expected profit and decision of the company market the new shipping service with or without test market. Conclusion To conclude, if a small change in the value of one of the causes a change in the recommended decision alternative, the company will have different outcome. However, the expected value is highly sensitive to the changes of probabilities and it will have significant effect on the decision making of the company. Therefore the expected values of each decision are evaluated to determine optimal model in order for company to do decision making. Decision tree is a diagram that shows the possible courses of actions, the potential event which is states of nature for each outcome together with the potential outcomes and associated possibilities. It is a useful analytical tool for carrying range of alternative courses of actions and the possible outcomes, also allow company to understand the uncertainty in decision making (Drury, 2012). Therefore, decision tree analysis is important for China Shipping (Group) Company to understand the how the different probabilities will affect the expected val ue under risk and uncertainty in order to make optimal decision in the investment. Recommendation From the decision tree analysis above carried out, it suggested China Shipping (Group) Company have to understand the risk and uncertainty in order to choose the optimal decision in the investment. However comparing the scenario to base case, if a local success is observed and the new probability will be 65% that new shipping service will be national success; if a local failure is observed and the new probability will be 15% that new shipping service will be will be national success. Absence of market study and immediately market nationally, the new probability will be 60% of national success. It showed that with the new probabilities, China Shipping (Group) Company’s optimal decision is do not conduct test market and then market nationally then the expected profit will be  ¥680,000. However according to the base case, China Shipping (Group) Company will only get the expected profit of  ¥654,000 after conduct test market and market nationally. Therefore, it suggested that China Shipping (Group) Company to look into the  probabilities of each decision and the expected value from its probabilities in order to maximize the investment with optimal decision. List of references Drury, C. (2012) Management and cost accounting. 8th edn. Andover: Cengage Learning, pp. 278-292. World Shipping Council. (2014) About the industry. [online] Available at: http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry. [Accessed: 31 March 2014]. China Daily Information Co. (2012) China leads in shipping industry. [online] Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-08/04/content_15644653.htm. [Accessed: 29 March 2014]. China Shipping. (2012) Company Profile. [online] Available at: http://www.cnshipping.com/en/aboutus/companyprofile/index.shtml. [Accessed: 29 March 2014]. Kirkwood, C.W. (2002) Decision Trees. [online] Available at: http://vserver1.cscs.lsa.umich.edu/~spage/ONLINECOURSE/R4Decision.pdf. [Accessed: 31 March 2014]. Bibliography Lucey, T.(2003). Management and cost accounting. 5th edn. London: Cengage. pp. 321-343. Pannell, David J.(2013). Sensitivity analysis: strategies, methods, concepts, examples. [online] Available at: http://dpannell.fnas.uwa.edu.au/dpap971f.htm.[Accessed: 31 March 2014].

Pigrimage Should money be given to the poor or should it be used for maintaining the places of pilgrimage? Essay

Should money be given to the poor or should it be used for maintaining the places of pilgrimage? I think that money should be given to the poor people this is because Jesus helped the people in need. This is stated in the parable of the sheep and the goats and the rich young man. Another reference to back this up is â€Å"Love your neighbour† this means that you should help anyone in their time of need like in the good Samaritan when a Samaritan was beaten up and was in need of desperate help two people walked past him took a look at him and walked on then a Jew came past and helped him even though Jews and Samaritans absolutely hated each other he helped him in his time of need. So we should give money to the poor because at this time in their life they need our help and it is our duty to help them. This is why money should be given to the poor rather than places of pilgrimage because life is more important than buildings life is unique and special life is a gift from god. But also give money to the churches to maintain buildings of pilgrimage and churches but most of the money should go to the poor. On the other hand some Christians believe that it is right to maintain our places of pilgrimage because God deserves that kind of respect we should build his house in gold. The churches are the core of all communities. The church also helps those in need for example Soup kitchens. If the churches are not maintained then the churches history that it has got over hundreds of years. We also need to preserve places of pilgrimage because it is a way to get closer to God and pray for family. Another reason is that God is worthy of the admiration and beauty of the places of pilgrimage. Organisations like CAFOD help the poor by giving them long term aid like education and tool to get food. They also give short term aid where they give them food clean bottles of water health checks and vaccinations. We are unique and have feelings and our life is more important than buildings. The early Christians did not have places of worship and they managed to cope so why cant we do the same. Churches spread Christianity so if they start to deteriorate people will not want to go to church because it is so run down a lifeless it don’t seem worthy to be Gods house. In conclusion I think that more money should be spent on the poor because life is unique, precious, made in god’s image and likeness and life is a gift from god buildings are a luxury to have. If we spent more money on places of pilgrimage then lives would be wasted where no money was spent on them which means nobody cares about poor people any more.

A Working Report on Grameen Phone Community Information Center (Gpcic) Essays

A Working Report on Grameen Phone Community Information Center (Gpcic) Essays A Working Report on Grameen Phone Community Information Center (Gpcic) Essay A Working Report on Grameen Phone Community Information Center (Gpcic) Essay have worked in Grameen phone Community Information Center ( GP CIC) as an intern from 1st June to 31st August, 2008. During this limited time, the completion of this report was possible because of the cooperation of many people. I offer my most sincere admirations to all of those who provided their invaluable advices and encouragements in this endeavor. I am truly grateful to all the employees of Grameen phone Community Information Center (GP CIC) especially my super visor, Mr. Md. Shafiqul Islam Sikdar. And to end with, I would like to express my extreme appreciation to my honorable supervisor, Mr. Md. Sohel Islam and to my respected instructor Mr. Md. Muzahid Akbar. Their precious contributions enhanced my self-belief and helped me to finish my study in time as well. III Executive Summary CIC initiative taken by Grameen phone – is a countrywide massive network grown in the last few years with over 500 centers across 450 Upazilla of the country which is designed to provide he benefits of internet service among the disadvantaged population and increase employment in this part of the country. Despite of such success of self-sustainability of most of the centers, around 10% of them are still struggling financially. In the point of time, when it is planned to expand the initiative, it is necessary to understand the dynamics behi nd success of such centers and take stock of work so far so as to effectively replicate the experiences and success stories. This report is basically prepared to asses the current business condition and future prospects of he project CIC, in the context of Grameen phone. Even though, I tried to gather as much information as possible relevant to the purpose of the study, still some necessary data might be missing in order to follow the rule of the company confidentiality. However, both primary and secondary sources were used to collect data for the study. Interviews were taken of the User, Non user, GP CIC employees and some Entrepreneurs of the CIC. Secondary data were collected from the Internet, Journals, and Newspapers and from the company Grameen phone itself. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page No. Letter of Transmittal Acknowledgement Executive Summary 1. 0 AN OVERVIEW OF GRAMEEN PHONE LTD 1 1. 1 FLOW CHART OF THE COMPANY 2 2. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE REPORT 3 2. 1 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT 3 2. 2 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 4 2. LIMITATIONS OF THE REPORT 4 2. 4 OVER VIEW OF THE APPROACH 5 3. 0 GRAMEEN PHONE COMMUNITY INFORMATION CENTER (GPCIC) 6 3. 1 What is GPCIC? 6 3. 2 Objective of the CIC 7 3. 3 How to form a CIC 7 3. 4 General services available in the GPCIC 9 . 5 Target Market of the CICS 10 3. 6 Flow-Chart for CIC Support 10 3. 7 Impact/ Outcome of the project 11 4. 0 Activities that I performed during the Internship Program 14 5. 0 Challenges that I faced 15 6. Learning through the Internship Program 16 V 6. 1 New CIC Roll Out 16 6. 2 C CI IC C O Op pe er ra at ti io on ns s 1 17 7 6 6. .3 3 T Te ec ch hn ni ic ca al l S Su up pp po or rt t f fo or r t th he e E En nt tr re ep pr re en ne eu ur rs s 1 19 9 7. 0 Findings 20 7. 1 Positive findings 20 . 2 Negative Findings 21 8. 0 RECOMMENDATIONS 22 9. 0 CONCLUSION 23 10. 0 References 25 11. 0 Appendixes 26 1. 0 AN OVERVIEW OF GRAMEEN PHONE LTD. Grameen phone Ltd, the leading cell companies states its voyage with an aim? f ensuring affordable telephony service to entire population of Bangladesh. Grameen phone was offered a cellular license in Bangladesh by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications on November 28, 1996 and launched its service on the Independence Day of Bangladesh on March 26, 1997. Grameen telecom, is a not for profit company and works in close collaboration with Grameen bank. Grameen telecom, with the help of Grameen Bank, manages the village phone program, through which Grameen phone Ltd provides its GSM services to the fast growing rural customers. Grameen telecom which owns 38% of the shares of Grameen phone Ltd and the rest 62% owns by Telenor AS, the leading cell company in Norway. It has listed both in Oslo and NASDAQ stock exchange. Grameen phone Ltd considers them as a medium to connect the people through their mobility. Management has brought a change in the organizational structure in view of need of time. As of the recent change, line function of the company comprises of the 7 major tasks. These are: Networks (IT Technical) Commercial (Sales, Marketing, Distribution, Logistics, Data New Business, segments, Regional Sales) Communications (Corporate Communications, Information, Public Relations, CSR) Finance (Finance, SCM,HSSE) HR Admin. Customer service Corporate Affairs Government Relations A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 2 1. 1 FLOW CHART OF THE COMPANY: A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 3 2. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE REPORT After the completion of Four years (12 semesters) BBA Program of Independent University ? Bangladesh; 3 months organizational attachment is a must. I completed this internship period in ? Grameen phone Ltd (GP), the number one telecommunication company in Bangladesh. I worked he GPCIC (Grameen Phone Community Information Center) project under Data and new Business, Commercial Division. I focused on Roll Out, Operation Technical Support of the project. After the kind approval of my instructor, the report originated. 2. 1 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT The objective of this working report is to figure out debrief the over all process of the Roll Out, Operation Technical Support Team. Initia tive was also taken to find out the reason behind the GPCIC s success.? ? Understanding the need for information center in rural areas of Bangladesh. ? Understanding the reason behind successful CIC. Understanding the reason behind drop out CIC. ? Understanding the concept of CIC as a social business initiative. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 4 2. 2 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY The study required a holistic approach to adequately diagnose the over all circumstance of the CICs. Thus it required a combination of Primary and secondary data collection. Primary – to get an in depth understanding of the entire CIC dynamics / issues from different respondent groups and help fine tune the KSF (Key Success Factors) determinants and Secondary – To capture all etails including cross examination of the KSFs, keeping the study objective in view. The proposed methodology is outlined below: Primary data collection: Primary data have been collected directly to solve the problem at hand. The primary data were collected through taking feedback from the under mentioned sources. CIC operators GP Employees related to CICs Users Non-users Secondary data collection: Secondary data were collected through Internet CIC Booklet CIC report in Media Other secondary source 2. 3 LIMITATIONS OF THE REPORT Alike most of the study time was a constraint for doing this treatise. Since I have been allotted a time frame of three months for my intern it was almost impossible to get the actual figure which can reflect the result of the study with 100% accuracy. The other restraint for executing the study A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 5 was the limited access to the internal issues. As an intern, I had very little access in the decision making and other sensitive confidential issues. On the other hand, different centers are located in the rural areas and it is hardly possible to contact with them. Thus, I had to take the interviews via Telephone. As a result, it was really inflexible to identify the actual outcome. Moreover, the financial statements of GP for 2009 have not been published yet. As a result, most of the data those have been provided in the organizational part is based on year 2008. 2. 4 OVER VIEW OF THE APPROACH GP employee Feedback: Partnership arrangement with CICs, Support services made available to the CICs. Need Gap analysis, Reasons for Good or Poor performance etc. Secondary data collection : Area profiling, verify population density, presence and location of important socio-economic, business, educational or other infrastructures ith particular relevance to CIC success. Non-user Feedback: Awareness on CICs service bundle Need/demand for CIC services, Reasons for not using CIC services. Way forward to attract non-users. Profile User Feedback: Awareness on service bundle, Services availed, Role of CIC in their life and living. Need Gap assessment, User profiling. CIC Feedback: CIC Entrepreneur Interview. To explore service bundle offered, services on demand, opportunity lost or problem encountered, complaint handling, customer services profitability etc. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 3. 0 GRAMEEN PHONE COMMUNITY INFORMATION CENTER (GPCIC) What is GPCIC? The Grameen phone Community Information Center is a shared premise where rural people may access a wide-range of state of art services such as Internet, voice communications, video conferencing and other information services. This initiative is part of Grameen phone s drive to ? do something good for the rural community, which is a major portion of the population of the country. CICs developed a unique business model that was highly applauded by local government the International community . Set up with technical assistance from the GSM Association, Grameen phone Community Information Centers (GPCICs) are equipped with the minimum of a computer, a printer, a scanner, a webcam and an EDGE-enabled modem, to access the Internet using Grameen phone s nation? -wide EDGE connectivity. The pilot project started in February 2006 with 16 CICs; today the project has become a massive operation with over 500 CICs operational in nearly 450 Upazilla s. The sho? rt-term plan of this initiative is to establish at least one CIC in each of the 462 Upazilla s. In the long? -run Grameen phone plans to increase the umber of CICs substantially so that very CIC can support the information needs of four adjacent villages. GPCICs are designed to be run independently as small businesses by local entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs are trained and are provided with continuous support from Grameen phone. To help the entrepreneurs earn a living, Community Information Centers also provide other Grameen phone services, such as payphones (again using Grameen phones mobile network) and electronic recharges (Flexi load) for prepaid and postpaid mobile accounts. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 7 Objective of the CICs: GP’s perspective: Create access to information Generate employment Produce business through self sustained economic activities Socio-economic upliftment of the rural masses Brighten GP s image as Social Entrepreneur? Bridging the digital-divide Entrepreneur’s perspective: Working with Viable business case Opportunity to promote ICT in the local community. How to form a CIC? Technical Option A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 8 CIC User User ` MS Windows XP/Linux USB UPS Backup Mainline Power Supply Internet Modem Basic Option Multiple Terminal CIC User CIC User 1GB link CIC User Terminal w/ keyboard mouse Terminal w/ keyboard mouse Terminal w/ keyboard mouse NIVO unit NIVO unit Mainline Power Supply USB EDGE Modem ` Linux Server UPS Backup Switch NIVO unit A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 9 General services available in the GPCIC : Internet surfing and e-mailing Content on health, agriculture, etc. Locally relevant customized and open content Chatting with Voice, Picture Video conferencing Typing Scanning, Printing Commercial Mobile Call E-governance services GP value added services such as Flexi Load, Ring tones downloading etc. E-Fax CD Writing Telemedicine services (to be introduced) Multimedia education for children (Meena Cartoon, courtesy of UNDP ) Target Market of the CICS: The inhabitants of the village community (generally). The Government (local central agency, utility services and for e-governance etc. ). Teachers, students and the youth (for internet browsing, distance learning etc. ) Professionals (such as Doctors, Paramedics, Midwives, Agriculturists telemedicine etc. ) Farmers the rural business community (for price applications, rural trading business etc. ) A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 0 NGO, Women (at least one worker in the CIC would be a woman) Community Workers etc. FLOW CHART FOR CIC SUPPORT START Problem found by CIC Operator Call CIC Helpline/Raise Workflow Mailer Ticketing System Can CIC Team Solve the problem ? Escalate the problem to other Dept as per SLA Can Concerned Dept. Solve the problem ? Call vendor END Yes Yes No No A Working Report on Gra meen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 11 Impact/ Outcome of the project: Socio Economic Impact on GP s Business? Impact on ICT Sector Education Agriculture Health Employment Gender Equity SOCIO-ECONOMIC Bangladesh is an agrarian country. Literacy rate is below 30%. There is a tendency in the populace to leave their village homes in search of livelihood in the already overcrowded cities. These situations must have to be altered and the trend need be reversed soon enough. By creating job opportunities in the villages positive impacts ? on the socio-economic sphere has been made. IMPACT ON GP’s BUSINESS The proposed business model implicated local entrepreneurs; generate business activities in the rural Bangladesh. Business had run as self sustained business units. This has eventually onsequent in positive financial impacts on the business of GP as well. IMPACT ON TELECOM AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SECTOR Telecom is the thrust sector in the country. To keep pace with the rest of the world, Bangladesh has no other alternative but to pace its advancement in telecommunications and tele-density in both voice and data. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Inform ation Center (GPCIC) 12 GP has noticeably performed in fulfilling its obligation towards Universal Service Obligation in telecom. This project has implemented at the initiatives of GP, has endear GP to the Regulator, he Government and the mass to a great extent. EDUCATION The inhabitants of the villages have come across many educational opportunities through these centers. These would enrich their knowledge. The training facility at the centers provides them the opportunity to learn more about ICT. The literacy rate has increased eventually. AGRICULTURE Bangladesh is mainly an agricultural country with nearly 75 percent of the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture accounts for approximately 30 percent of Bangladesh s GD? P. Improved farming techniques and the use of irrigation and high-yield grains ave greatly increased Bangladesh s ? agricultural output. This project provided the rural population of Bangladesh with information on issues related to ag riculture. These sites reckoned for information on plants, plant diseases, types of farming, use of pesticides and herbicides etc. Apart from having a vast reservoir of information, CICs keep farmers updated on various agriculture related Government schemes, their details, duration of offer and eligibility. Availing these schemes is beneficial to farmers and local entrepreneur will assist farmers in procuring other details, thus saving their time and energy. HEALTH Information on health helps the citizens remain healthy and fit. It has covered a wide range of topics from Pregnancy to Child health to First Aid tips. Project gives the shortcuts, the little- known tricks and proven methods to help everybody in their quest for good health. By A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 13 understanding the basic principles of healthy living and applying them with sense and moderation, people can vastly improve the quality and well increase the length of their lives. Through a section like Ask the Doctor citizen posts any query regarding health advice. CIC has forwarded this query to panel of specialists in Dhaka and people can get a reply. The advances in medicine have truly been staggering. Applying what we already know to the healthcare can lead to continued good health. The project introduces Telemedicine facilities in the long run. EMPLOYMENT It is appreciated from the implementation experience of the project in Bangladesh that there is a direct employment generation for at least one person for each center. After the activity peaks up, with passage of time, at least three persons are indirectly supported by each center which holds a romise for significant employment generation from this project. GENDER EQUITY Government of Bangladesh has announced equal opportunity for women. Parliament has reserved seats for women members. For other areas also, there are many opportunities forthcoming to the rural women for which information and knowledge are lacking. The Community Centers, established on the principle of inclusion, brought b etter knowledge to women. Knowledge brought options, options have created opportunities and opportunities lead to reduction of gender inequality and increase sustainable development of family and the ommunity. DIGITAL DIVIDE Out of 80% of Bangladesh population living in rural and remote areas has little to no access to information. There are many governmental poverty alleviation and development schemes, health A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 14 advisory bulletins, information pertaining to citizen-charter, legislation and so on for the rural people, information which do not reach them. But because of the implementation of the CIC empowerment of rural citizen has taken place through these ICT enabled centers by way of rapid flow of information on such issues. Thus the digital divide narrowed up in the long run in the rural Bangladesh. 4. 0 ACTIVITIES THAT I PERFORMED: CIC Identification: Sort out growth centers from LGRD database. A total of 6500 growth centers identified through out the country. Entrepreneur Selection: Archive CIC Entrepreneur application form in electronic database. Assigned weight to application form as per pre set criteria. Responded to entrepreneurs general query over email.? Database Creation: Created a simple database in excel format for closed CIC where commissioning to closing of the project activities was considered. Cut off date was 10 th August 2009. CIC Product Support: Mapped CIC with reload distributors according to their respected territory. Total 87 CICs were mapped with corresponding distributors for Flexi load / reload SIM handover to CIC entrepreneur. Follow up Flexi load out of stock balance for 550 GPCICs. Feed back collection: Collected post event feedback from the Entrepreneurs for various ATL and BTL activities undertaken by Grameen Phone. Assisted in ad hoc task of monitoring evaluation of implementing agency. Mentionable, both ATL and BTL program is carried out by GP to build awareness about GPCIC promote CIC s service ? o different target audience. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 15 Online Over phone training: Occasionally I was blessed with the responsibility to help CIC Training team members to train entrepreneurs over phone and email. The basic task was to guide the entrepreneurs to navigate to appropriate URL for fertilizer recommendation software. Total 3 0 CIC training were conducted by me. Assisted in other ad hoc tasks by CIC team members as and when it was necessary. 5. 0 CHALLENGES THAT I FACED GrameenPhone has a fair recruitment policy. This policy can be classified as a Regular, Contractual, and Part-Time Intern. Every individual Duties, Rights responsibilities have been clearly defined in the employment term. The organization environments are conducive of applying theoretical knowledge in to reality. Like many other big corporate houses GrameenPhone share information on need to know basis. Sometimes it has been felt that people in GP work under strict deadline. They focus more on their immediate deliverables. That time it is difficult to seek their valuable time on any issue for further clarification or to clear up my concept. During CIC field visit it was difficult to move independently. It can be said that CIC center are geographically dispersed. Visiting CIC from different category (e. g. state in their life cycle, revenue earning status, different level of enterprising quality, and varying service augmentation by end user, successful unsuccessful CIC) need considerable time, money energy. Due to their nation wide presence getting all kind of CIC in a single/ few short tour plans is not possible. Strong external competitor has not emerged for CIC till time. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 16 6. 0 LEARNING THROUGH THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM NEW CIC ROLL OUT To establish new CIC in uncovered Upazilla GP follow bellow mentioned steps. 1. Site Identification: Identify Upazilla establish CIC considering demography, growth center, and long term Business viability. 2. Press advertisement: GP go for press Advertisement for getting application from prospective entrepreneur. 3. Site Selection Data collection: So many technical details e. g. Serving cell, / neighboring cell longitude latitude, radio condition, shop dimension data collected to choose from competing center. Finally CIC team Short list CIC site according to field data. 4. Entrepreneurs Selection: CIC team Evaluate application among competing alternatives. Then Follow competitive selection process, Call for interview, Select the entrepreneur. Finally, pass the selected entrepreneur list to training team. 5. Agreement Signing Logistics Distribution: Following steps are taken in to account ? Administer agreement signing with Individual entrepreneur Immediately after training session ? Compliance issue ? Distribute GP WAN GPPP SIM ? Distribute banner, festoon Poster, leaflet, other POSM. 6. Soft Launch: at this stage under mentioned steps need consideration ? Activate Sim. Verify soft launch status through BSCS, TAPS other tools. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 17 7. Channel Dedication / FPDCH Definition ? Sending request to concerned technical department to Identify of serving cell and needful channel dedication. ? Getting feedback from networks test performance. ? Update in life cycle database ? Collect extern al antenna for CIC with Poor network quality. 8. Shop Profiling ? Raise Purchase Requisitions for all kind of Branding, Profiling marketing materials ? Communicate with Brand or Creative for design related issue ? Allocate work among vendor to maximize efficiency ? Confirm work completion quality in delivery with entrepreneur ? Create move order to disburse bill from finance. 9. Reload SIM Handover: ? send request to reload department ? reload verifies according to agreed process ? reload register SIM send to regional reload ? Regional reload distribute Flexi load SIM to distributor ? Distributor handover Flexi load SIM to entrepreneur. C CI IC C O OP PE ER RA AT TI IO ON NS S 1. CIC Product maintenance: under mentioned things are taken into account for CIC Product maintenance. ? GP WAN ,GPPP, Flexi load Bar – Unbar issue ? Sim Replacement A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 18 ? Credit Limit fixation ? Grace period issue ? Update sales report in ERP ? Providing necessary VAT TAX Treatment ? Ensure smooth operation of CIC operation ? Follow up bill collection ? Follow up agreement terms 2. Make shift of apparatus for disqualified Entrepreneurs: under mentioned things are taken into account for Make shift cases Inform regional team regarding disqualification ? Collect SIM from CIC entrepreneur ? Collect marketing materials from CIC entrepreneur ? Collect Signboard from CIC 3. Adjacent CIC Survey: Following steps are done ? Identify CIC/ telecenter Close to one another ? Collect data according to checklist ? Making decision based on collected data ? Inform entrepreneur 4. Organizing Event: It includes following tasks. ? Taking necessary budgetary approval from concern ? Determining suitable alternatives ? Do the needful to organize event ? Bill settlement with finance A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 19 5. Marketing promotional material Production delivery ? Determine Marketing Promotional material for Production ? Communicate with Brand or Creative for design related issue ? Determine Ideal Quantity for each CIC Raise PR ? Receive goods from vendor ? Ensure delivery ? Create necessary move order ? Issue work completion certificate ? Expedite bill to finance for settlement T TE EC CH HN NI IC CA AL L S SU UP PP PO OR RT T F FO OR R T TH HE E E EN NT TR RE EP PR RE EN NE EU UR RS S 1 Receiving customer complaints: here activities involved are as under ? Online tic ket system. ? E-mail ? Support Over phone ? Physical visit ? Ad hoc requirement 2. Verification of the complaints: It includes following tasks ? Contact entrepreneurs over phone to verify complain. ? Involve CTC to verify complain for network problem in required cases. ? Visit when necessary 3. Troubleshooting complain resolution: It includes following tasks ? Contact entrepreneurs over phone to verify. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 20 ? Involve CTC to verify complain for network problem. ? Visit as necessary regarding complain. 4. Escalation: It includes following tasks ? Escalated SIM related issues to activation-HLR reset.. ? Escalate Network related issue CTC through GPTTS ? Hardware issues escalated to respective vendors 5. Feedback: It includes following tasks are done ? Feedback from respective departments. ? Provide feedback to the entrepreneur. . Future follows up: At this stage following tasks ? Optimization request to concerned network department for unresolved complaints. ? Advice and support for other technological enhancement related issue for business expansion. 7. 0 FINDINGS: Positive Findings Although, till date the society is not much prepared for the services based on such advanced technolo gy and the understanding on the services are not much clear because of the existing socio-economic condition of the specially in the rural part of the country, however the overall condition of the country is moving forward may be slowly but steadily. And the long existing traditional practices are being changed. Examples are the changed practice of checking results of government exams through the internet, looking for education related information using internet, increased level of email use, seeking different government forms through internet. Off course it requires time and effort for behavioral change of people. However, the change is taking place. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 21 The other important aspect is the absence of strong competitor in the market in the areas of such services. And a large space for work exists related to service development focused to not only the rural part of the country but also for the urban part. This creates a huge opportunity for the service providers to grab the market before other competitors and remain ahead of them. Negative Findings: ? Pricing strategy The current pricing strategy is resulting disadvantage for the CICs as any potential shop can have an internet SIM and start providing internet service. This situation keeps no competitive edge for the CICs in some short term business cases. ? Lack of skill among the entrepreneurs: The average computer skill English language comprehension skill are barely minimum to support CIC operation . However GP is taking manifold program to develop entrepreneurs skill set. Practicality is human capacity development is very costly time taking matter. Sometimes people can actually visualize true benefit of ICT. ? Image crisis of the CICs: The image of CIC is not much different from a „Flexi-load shop and suffering from image crisis. ? The main reasons are inability of the CICs to introduce itself strongly as „Information shop and ? signboards/POS materials with similar color/design with other STP service providers. Sustainability: Insufficient revenue due to low entrepreneurs commitment level, sometimes experiencing Slow internet speed, Communication gap between the CIC owner and Operator, change in entrepreneur s business scope, tendency to exploit grace period, technological advancement and ? so on causes short time sustainability of some CICs. A Working Rep ort on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 22 8. 0RECOMMENDATIONS The key issue for sustainability is sufficient revenue which can be obtained through creating demand in the form of awareness building. Well designed communication should e carried out which would be understandable to the target community. Both ATL and BTL are required to generate sufficient awareness and understanding on the services. Promotional programs should be developed around the benefits of the services and success stories should be highlighted. Within the process technical terms/words should be avoided. Service bundle should be designed based on the demand and profitability and new service line should be added. Usage of existing information service i. e. contents has to be increased as well. Monthly internet charge for the CICs should be reduced compared to others providing ompetitive edge for the entrepreneurs. Educated young person with higher educational level, higher computer skill and plea sant personality should be preferred. Partner organizations should also be requested to recommend for such candidates. Sufficient speed for internet should be ensured for smooth running of the business. Skill of the entrepreneurs should ensured by providing proper training to the entrepreneurs specially in the area of identifying proper address/ source of information ability to find appropriate information from right place and deliver the service to the users with faster speed. To keep the motivation level of the entrepreneurs, increased communication should be ensured. Regular workshops and training programs can serve the purpose. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 23 Technical support should also be strengthened and appropriate method of communication should be developed for faster service. Local influential persons should be involved with this initiative as they have a strong influence and reliability within the community. And finally, image crisis of the CICs should be overcome. The CICs should be differentiated from a „Flexi-load shop . Different colors and designs from other shops can ? be used for differentiating purpose. 9. 0 CONCLUSION The internship program helped me discover a new era of ICT innovation for the latest world of art technology. Telephone internet (Mobile plus Landline) Penetration in Bangladesh is less than 30 % 3% respectively. It s a green field market for CIC (generic name Telecenter) in ? Bangladesh. Here I found that ICT can bring meaningful changes for the country people. Other landline PSTN operator can also initiate such project as social business. The business model is self sustainable. Unlike many other projects, there is no fear of shutting down the project after the expiry of project fund. Entrepreneurship is being promoted by GP in Collaboration with Public Private Partnership. There should have Clear Policy from Bangladesh Telecom Regulatory Commission to promote this short of ICT Initiative through out the country. Technology itself can not bring changes for the community peoples lives. Moreover Capacity building is required for the person who will be using this technology to exploit the benefit from technology. Additionally some other organizations are evolving as content developer to isseminate digitized content for a fee. A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 24 REFERENCES: ? www. grameenphone. com ? www. gpcic. org ? anovatechbd. com A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 25 ANNEXURE-1 Table: CIC services Sl. Category Services 1. Agriculture 1. 1 Crop production (Seed Varieties, Irrigation e tc. ) 1. 2 Tools (Procurement, Marketing, Hiring) 1. 3 Marketing 1. 4 Pricing 1. 5 Financing (Micro credit) 1. 6 Crop Insurance 1. 7 Weather reports 1. 8 Disaster warnings 2. Animal Husbandry 2. 1 Animal Health Veterinary Services . 3 Finance Schemes 2. 4 Production (Best practices) 2. 5 Livestock development 3. Citizen Services 3. 1 Procedures 3. 2 Documentation 3. 3 Forms 3. 4 Contact Directory 3. 5 Grievances/ Redressal 3. 6 Schemes Benefits 3. 7 Birth Death Certificates 3. 8 Matrimonial 3. 9 STD, PCO, Cyber Cafe 3. 10 FAQs 4. Health 4. 1 Vaccination Schedule 4. 2 Maternity Care 4. 3 Family Planning 4. 4 Medicines 4. 5 Ambulance Services and Transportation 4. 6 Hospitals / Primary Health Centers Information 4. 7 Blood Bank 4. 8 Life Saving Drugs 4. 9 Doctor’s Database 4. 10 Appointment with doctors 4. 11 e-Diagnostics 4. 2 Material Management Systems (Medicine) 5. Education 5. 1 School/College/University 5. 2 Syllabus 5. 3 Education Results 5. 4 Education Abroad 5. 5 S chemes/Scholarships 5. 6 Counselling/FAQs 6. Land/Property 6. 1 Land Records 6. 2 Property Transfer and Registration 6. 3 Property tax 6. 4 Property Rules and Regulation 6. 5 Land Income Certificates A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 26 7 Employment 7. 1 Job Opportunity (Exchange) 7. 2 Registration 7. 3 Self employment scheme 8 Social Welfare 8. 1 Schemes and Benefits 8. 2 Directory of NGO 8. 3 Citizen Rights 9 Utility Services 9. Applications 9. 2 Outstanding bill Statements 9. 4 Bill Collection on various Utilities 10 Business 10. 1 Procedures 10. 2 Documentation 10. 3 Forms 10. 4 Schemes (Subsidy loans) 10. 5 Compliances with Rules Law (Vat etc) 10. 6 Desktop Publishing 11 Union Parishad Matters 11. 1 Birth 11. 2 Death 11. 3 Utility Connection (Water, electricity etc. ) 11. 4 Property Transfer Registration 11. 5 Tax Rules 11. 6 Tax Payments 11. 7 License and Concession 11. 8 Permits 12 Consumer Welfare 12. 1 Consumer Rights 12. 2 Consumer Co urts 12. 3 Legal Assistance 13 Environment 13. 1 Pollution Control Information/ forms 13. 2 Environment 3. 3 Grievances/Redressal 14 Tourism Transport 14. 1 Room Availability/Booking 14. 2 Booking of Long Distance Bus Tickets 14. 3 Information on Transport Routes, Sight seeing places 15 Entertainment 15. 1 Video Cable TV Total Category: 15 Total Services: 80 A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 27 ANNEXURE-2 FINANCIALS OF THE GPCIC A A. . C Co os st t o of f t th he e P Pr ro oj je ec ct t: : Sl Items Quantity Actual Cost 1 Fuel generator 1 18,000 2 Local PC 6 200,000 3 Internationally branded PC 1 42,000 4 Clone PC 6 170,000 5 Laptop 3 180,000 Printer 16 36,000 7 Scanner 16 30,000 8 UPS 8 20,000 9 Web cam (0. 3 MPx) 16 24,000 10 Web cam (1. 3 MPx) 2 10,600 11 Release fee for Solar Panel 1 0 12 Portal Development 1 25,000 13 Terminal 3 0 14 Internet switch 1 2,500 15 Clone PC 1 30,000 16 1 GB cable 1 2,000 17 UPS 5 10,000 18 Motorola C117 2 10,000 19 e-Trust antivirus 16 25,000 20 Clone PC 3 88,500 21 UPS 3 6,000 22 Digital banner 16 23,000 23 Business card 4800 8,000 24 Poster 320 13,000 25 Leaflet 4800 11,000 26 Motorola C117 2 5,580 27 Windows XP CD 3 170 28 Cosonic headphone 2 500 29 DKU 5 cable 2 1000 0 Spiral binding 15 3000 31 Spiral binding 11 200 32 Power strip 2 200 33 FDD 1. 44 MB 12 4,680 34 FDD cable 12 360 35 Headphone 19 2,800 36 USB camera cable 16 3,500 37 Power strip 10 2,300 38 Blank CD 10 300 39 Spiral binding 28 550 40 Multi Socket 14 580 41 Miscellaneous cost 3 20,000 Total cost of the CIC Project BDT 1,030,320 USD 15,152 A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 28 B: Table: Income forecast for the established CIC Income Head 1st Month / day 2nd Month / day 3rd Month / day Internet Browsing 1hrs X Tk 20 20 2hrs X Tk 20 40 3hrs X Tk 20 60 Computer Compose 5 page X Tk 10 50 10 page X Tk 10 100 15 page X Tk 10 150 Printing 5 page X Tk 5 25 7 page X Tk 5 35 10 page X Tk 5 50 Scanning 2 nos X Tk 5 10 5 nos X Tk 5 25 10 nos X Tk 5 50 Digital Photo using web cam 2 nos X Tk 20 40 2 nos X Tk 20 40 3 nos X Tk 30 90 PC Phone 10 Min X Tk 15 150 15 Min X Tk 15 225 20 Min X Tk 15 300 Information Service (Health, Agri, Education) Lump sum 20 Lump sum 50 Lump sum 70 Total Daily Sales 315 465 700 Total Monthly Sales ( 25 days) 7,875. 00 11,625. 00 17,500. 00 Total Monthly Sales from 16 Center 126,000. 00 186,000. 0 280,000. 00 Total Sales in 1st Year (per center avg. ) 194,500 Total Sales in 1st year from 16 Center 3,112,000 A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 29 C. Operating Expenditure (per month) Item of Cost 1st Month 2nd Month 3rd Month House Rent 1,000. 00 1,000. 00 1,000. 00 Electricity 800 1,000. 00 1,000. 00 Internet 600 600 600 Spare, Ink, Cartridge, etc 2,000. 00 3,000. 00 4,000. 00 Stati oneries 200 300 500 Telephone Bill 4,500. 00 5,000. 00 6,000. 00 Net-2 Phone Card cost 100 100 200 Staff Salary 2,000. 00 2,000. 00 3,000. 00 Content 500 500 1,000. 0 Travel and conveyance 500 500 700 Maintenance 0 0 500 Others 500 600 1,000. 00 Total monthly expenditure for 1 Center 8,200 9,600 13,500 Total monthly expenditure for 16 Center 131,200 153,600 216,000 Total expenditure in 1st year for 16 Centers 2,444,800 Particulars 1st Month 2nd Month 3rd Month Monthly Operating Profit from 1 Center (325. 00) 2,025. 00 4,000. 00 Monthly Operating Profit from 16 Center (5,200. 00) 32,400. 00 64,000. 00 Operating Profit in 1st Year 1,051,200. 00 A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 30 1. Name in capital letter 1. 2 Family Name 1. 3 Other Names 1. 4 Gender Put a cross (x) in the relevant box Male Female 1. 6 Date of Birth D D M M Y Y Y Y 1. 8 Nationality Photograph (Passport Size) 1. 5 Marital status Put a cross (x) in the relevant box Single Married 1. 7 Place of Birth About you Part 1 GPCIC Application Form 2008 A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 31 2. 1 Your full permanent address 2. 6 Contact details if different from above Degree Institution 2. 2 Father’s name 2. 3 Mother’s name 2. 4 How long have you lived at this address Years Months 2. 5 Contact number(s) 2. 7 E-mail address Year Result Your contact details Part 2 Your institutional education Part 3 A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 32 3. 1 Full address of proposed site/shop 3. 3 Distance of nearest internet service provider from proposed site 3. 5 Distance of nearest GP BTS 3. 7 Type of ownership of the proposed site. Self owned Rented If ‘rented’ please complete part 3. 6 3. 9 Agreement signing date. 3. 2 Location address of nearest internet service provider 3. 4 Area measurement of proposed site 3. Type of proposed shop/site 3. 8 Do you have any agreement with the shop owner? Yes No If ‘yes’ please complete part 3. 7 3. 8 3. 10 Agreement expiry date. Your professional expertise Part 4 Proposed site information Part 5 A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 33 Please put a cross (x) in the relevant boxes to show that these necessary hardware you already have Computer Scanner Webcam Headphone Digital Camera EDGE modem Printer UPS Ensure you submit all relevant documents. If you submit false document it will adversely affect your pplication. Please put a cross (x) in the relevant boxes to show that these document will be submitted with your application Passport size photograph (4 copy) attested by 1st class gadgeted officer Photocopy of all academic and professional certificates attested by proper authority. Photographs of proposed site/shop. Signed Agreement/deed in between site owner/vendor and Entrepreneur, applicable only in the cases when the site is an rental basis Attested photocopy of original title deed (sub-kabala/heba/exchange)/agreement for long-term possession (Verified with the original), applicable in all cases. Mutation Parcha along with DCR in the name site owner in respect of the site, land and building. Succession certificate (if the site owner acquires the title and possession by way of inheritance). Registered Power of Attorney (if the site is controlled, managed, supervised and possessed by the constituted lawful attorney on behalf of the actual site owner) Resolution of Governing Body including by-laws (applicable only in the cases when the site belongs to any school, college, trust, society or similar institution/organization. ) Approval for construction, plan and structural design of the site building from concerned local overnment authority Approval for commercial use of the site building from concerned local government authority, if the building is located within any residential area Holding Tax Receipt, if the site building is located within any city corporation/municipality area Copy Of recent Utility Bill Trade License of the Entrepreneur Supporting documents checklist Part 7 Business compliance documents Part 8 Hardware checklist Part 6 A Working Report on Grameen phone Community Information Center (GPCIC) 34 You must now read the declaration below and sign it. This must be signed by the applicant personally nd not by a representative or other person acting on his/her behalf. I hereby apply for owning a GPCIC. The information I have given is complete and true to the best of my knowledge. I also declare that the photograph submitted with this form is a true likeness of myself. I understand that all information provided by me will be processed for evaluation of my candidature for GPCIC entrepreneurship and I also consent the processing of information provided by me by GPCIC. Applicant’s signature Date D D M M Y Y Y Y Declaration Part 9

Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz

Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz Summary When reading the book Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz, the main driving thesis behind the book immediately presents itself in the form of a question which is: what is war?. Waltz answers this question by postulating the the origin of war comes from within man, the inherent structure of separate states and due to the very state system itself (Waltz, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He refers to the aforementioned causes of war as images of international relations and views them from either a singular or collective perspective from which he ascertains how each image interacts with the other which ends up resulting in the occurrence of war. Waltz claims that it is this interaction between the various images which is the main cause of war due to variances in methods of thought, thinking, relations and other variables whic h create either positive or negative effects. It is at this point that Waltz attempts to analyze whether it is possible to create a world that is devoid of war or if war itself is an inherent aspect of mankind which will never truly go away (Waltz, 2001). Upon further reading it can be seen that the ideas of Waltz are heavily influenced by the ideas of realism and neo-realism wherein he states that the anarchic international system combined with self interested states (which is one of the claims of realism) actually prevents the creation of a peaceful global environment due to factors related to competition and mutual distrust. In the end Waltz states that the only method of resolving the current dilemma of war is if a single world government was to be created which addresses the individual concerns of each state. Unfortunately such a situation requires each state to give up their much vaunted sovereignty which would be highly unlikely resulting in peace being applicable in theory h owever being unattainable in practice (Waltz, 2001). Examination of the Veracity of the Sources Utilized When going through the entirety of the text it can be seen that Waltz synthesized the views of Hobbes, Mills, Rosseau, Kant, Spinoza, Kant, Smith and a variety of other known experts in the field of international relations in order to formulate the arguments present within his book. The sheer amount of views and in-text lifting from other authors lends the work a certain degree of veracity in terms of the accuracy of the arguments and how they conform to current methods of thinking regarding the current state of conflict within international relations and its origins. As such, in terms of its use of sources I find that there are no problems whatsoever.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critique of the Text The main strength of the work of Walsh comes from it s use of prolific body of historical knowledge and thoughts from various experts in international relations tht formed the foundation of his work. Yet, despite this abundance of literature it must be noted that Waltz fails to think out of the box so to speak when it comes to examining the causes of war and instead single mindedly focuses on the images of international relations that he had brought up at the start of the text as the main causes of war. There are other factors that he neglected to take into consideration such as religion (which was why the historic crusades were started and one of the contributing factors behind the ongoing conflict between Israel and several Arab states), ethnicities (as seen in the current ethnic conflict between Sunni and Shiite Muslims which has led to various uprisings in the Middle East), economic factors (as seen in the case between the U.S. and Japan when the U.S. cut of supplies of much needed resources to Japan which sparked the bombing of P earl Harbor and brought the U.S. into the Pacific theater), historic alliances (seen in the case of World War 1 wherein the balance of power system and historic alliances in effect brought numerous nations into the war) (Vassalo, 2003). Lastly, the fight for resources has been an ongoing theme within human history which Walsh neglected to elaborate on yet has been growing in relevancy due to factors related to growing population rates, global warming and an assortment of other factors which has further exacerbated this growing point of contention (Betts, 1999). Furthermore it must be noted that Walsh had a habit of framing the motivation of man in relatively black and white nature (i.e. good or evil) which is an over implication of how people thinking and act. While the book itself is great basis from which one can learn about the origins and causes of war, it focuses too much on the various arguments of historical thinkers without sufficiently examining other factors which influenc e the start of wars. Conclusion Overall, it can be stated that the work of Waltz is a great attempt at explaining the origin of war yet, based on the critique of the text, it can be seen that the concept of war is too broad to be defined within the parameters defined by Walsh and constitute far more factors than what was elaborated on. Reference List Betts, R. K. 1999. Must War Find a Way?. International Security, 24(2), 166-198. Vassalo, A. W. 2003. Man, the state and war: A Theoretical Analysis (Book). Military Review, 83(1), 68.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Waltz, K. 2001. Man, the state, and war: A theoretical analysis. (pp. 1-284). New York: Columbia Press.